Chapter 2

Chapter 2: Fundamentals of the World Wide Web and Internet

Internet originated as Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in September 1969. Two of the main goals are 1) Allow scientists at different location to share information, 2) Function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by disaster. Later at 1984, ARPANET has more than 1000 individual computers linked as hosts. In 1986, National Science Foundation (NSF) connects NSFnet to ARPANET and becomes Internet. In 1995, NSFnet terminate its network on the Internet and resumes status as research network. In 1996, Internet 2 is founded and more than 550 million hosts connnect to the Internet today.

  Internet 2 connects more than 200 universities and 115 companies via a high speed private network. As well as many home and small businesses. Types of internet services are Cable internet service, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Fiber to the Premises (FTTP), Fixed Wireless, Cellular Radio Network, Wi-Fi and Satellite Internet service.

  Access provider provide individuals and organisations access to the internet.

  Internet Service Provider (ISP) include regional or national provide internet access to its specific region. Online Service Provider (OSP) provide online services such as email or discussion forum. Wireless Internet Service Provider provide wireless internet access to computer and mobile devices.

  How cable modem connection works:
1) Users request data from internet.
2) The request is transferred from computer's digital signal via cable modem and television line.
3) It is then sent to central cable system.
4) Which then sent to operator or ISP via high speed fiber-optic line.
5) ISP route the request through internet backbone to destination server.
6) The requested results will be sent back to users.

  IP address is a number that is unique for each computer or device connected to internet. For example, 72.14.207.99.

  Domain name is the text version of IP address. For example, www.google.com.

  Domain Name System (DNS) translate domain name to its IP address. For example, when we type www.google.com to enter the website, DNS will translate that domain name to its IP address which is 72.14.207.99 so that computer can read it and obtain the websites.

  Top level domain is used to classify the websites based on their purposes. For example, "com" for commercial organisations, business and companies. And "edu" for educational institutions.

  World wide web is a worldwide collection of electronic documents or Web pages.

  Website is a collection of related web pages. For example, howlcomp.blogspot.com is a website, but http://howlcomp.blogspot.my/2016/09/chapter-1.html is webpages under it.

  Web server is a computer that deliver requested web pages to your computer.

  Web 2.0 refers to websites that provide a means for users to interact. For example, Facebook or Youtube which allow users to interact.

  Web browser is a software that allow users to access web pages or web 2.0. For example, Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox.

  Search engine is used to find informations related to the keywords that users input. For example, google search or yahoo search.

  Subject directory is used to classify web pages in an organised set of categories. For example, user can search for information within the specific area.

  There are many types of websites such as portal, news, blog, wiki, or entertainment.

  Multimedia is a combination of graphics, animation, audio, video and virtual reality.
1) Graphic is pictures of arts or graph.
2) Animation is motion created by numerous graphic.
3) Audio is any sound.
4) Video is a record of moving visual images.
5) Virtual reality is computer generated simulation of a three dimensional space.

  Plug-in is a software that can be added to web browser for better performance or more task that can be performed. For example, adblocker can be used to block annoying advertisement from popping up.

  Internet services:
  E-commerce is business transaction completed over electronic network. For example, online banking or online shopping.
  E-mail is electronic mailing. Allow users to send messages or files to other users via internet.
  Instant messaging (IM) is a real time internet communication service. For example, whatsapp, wechat or telegram.
  Voice over IP (VoIP) allows users to speak among each other via internet. For example, skype.
  Message board is web-based type of discussion group.
  File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard protocol used to transfer computer files between a client and server on a computer network. It allow users to upload or download files.