Chapter 6: Understanding Input
Input is any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer. Instructions can be entered into a computer in the form of programs (a series of related instructions that tell computer what and how to perform task), commands (direct program) and user responses (an instruction a user issue to question displayed by program). And we need input device (any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions into a computer) to interact with computer.
Types of input devices:
A) Keyboard- an input device containing keys for user to press to enter data and instructions into a computer. Usual keyboard found on market today is of QWERTY keyboard. Keyboard consists of Windows Keys, Application Keys, Toggle Keys, Function Keys, Letter Keys and Numeric Keys. Can be wired or wireless.
B) Pointing device- an input device that allows a user to control a pointer on the screen.
1) Mouse- a pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand comfortably. Types of mouse are mechanical mouse and optical mouse. Can be wired or wireless.
2) Trackball- a stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or side.
3) Touchpad- a small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure and motion. Mostly used in laptop or notebook.
4) Pointing Stick- a pressure sensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser that is positioned between keys on a keyboard. Mostly used in laptop or notebook.
C) Touch screen- a touch sensitive display device. Found in all modern smartphones, tablets, or public machines such as ATM.
D) Pen input- a pen like device used on screen to write, draw or make selections.
1) Stylus
2) Digital pen
E) Game Controllers- an input device that directs movement and actions of on-screen objects in video games and computer games.
1) Game pads
2) Joysticks
3) Wheels
4) Light guns
5) Dance pads
6) Motion sensing controller
F) Digital Camera- a mobile device that allows users to take pictures and store them digitally.
G) Voice Input- process of entering input by speaking into a microphone. For example, Apple Siri or J.A.R.V.I.S from Iron Man.
H) Audio Input- process of entering any sound such as speech, music or sound effects into a computer.
I) Video Input- process of capturing full motion images and storing them on a computer's storage medium.
1) Digital Video Camera- recorded videos from Digital Video Camera can be transferred into a computer via USB port or Firewall port.
2) Web Cam- a type of digital video camera that specifically designed for computer usage such as online video conversation.
J) Scanners and Reading Device
1) Flatbed Scanner- a scanner that provides a flat, glass surface to hold objects for scanning.
2) Pen or Handheld Scanner- a scanner that is moved by hand over the material being captured.
3) Sheetfed Scanner- specifically designed for scanning loose sheets of paper.
4) Drum- a type of scanner used to capture highest resolution from an image.
5) Bar Code Reader- uses laser beams to read bar codes.
6) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Reader- reads information on RFID tag. Commonly used on tracking toll payments, airline baggage or student and staff cards.
7) Magnetic Stripe Card Reader- read magnetic stripe on back of cards such as credit cards, entertainment cards and bank cards.
8) Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Reader- convert MICR characters into a form that computer can process. Commonly used on check processing in banking industry.
9) Data Collection Device- obtain data directly at location where the transaction or event take places. Commonly used in restaurants, factories, warehouses and by postmen.
K) Biometric Input- authenticates a person's identity by verifying a personal characteristics.
1) Fingerprint Reader- used to scan and identify a person's fingerprint.
2) Face Recognition System- used to identify a person's face feature.
3) Hand Geometry System- used to identify shape of a person's hand.
4) Voice Verification System- used to identify a person's voice.
5) Signature Verification System- used to identify a person's signature.
6) Iris Recognition System- used to identify a person's iris.
7) Retinal Scanner- used to identify a person's retinal.
I) Terminal- a computer that allows users to send data to and/or receive information from a host computer.
1) POS Terminal- records purchases, processes, payments and updates inventory.
2) Automated Telling Machine (ATM)- allows users to access their bank accounts.
3) DVD Kiosk- a self service DVD rental machine.
Types of input devices for physically challenged users:
1) Keyguard
2) Keyboard with larger keys
3) On-screen keyboard
4) Various pointing device
5) Head-mounted pointer
6) Gesture recognition
7) Computerised Implant Device
In conclusion, input device is what allow user to send data and instructions to a computer (input) and basic input devices such as mouse and keyboard is a must for every computer. With good utilisation of input device and with improve design on input device, users can work more effectively.
Wednesday, September 14, 2016
Chapter 5
Chapter 5: Type of Utility Programs and Operating Systems
In a computer, we need a system software to control operations of computer. It is defined as a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs.
Types of system software:
A) Operating system (OS)- software that support a computer's basic functions and coordinate all activities among computer hardware resources.
For example:
1) Start and shut down a computer- process of it is called booting and contain two types which is cold boot (turn on a computer that has been powered off completely) and warm boot (using the operating system to restart a computer). Also include different shut down options such as sleep mode (saves any open documents and programs to RAM, turns of all unneeded functions and places the computer in low power state) and hibernate mode (saves any open documents and programs to hard disk before removing power from computer). How a pc boot can be refer below.
2) Provide a user interface- control how user enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen. Such as graphical user interface (GUI) (allows interaction by menu and visual images) and command line interface (uses the keyboard to enter data and instructions shown in text only).
3) Manage programs- allow single user and multi user, single tasking and multitasking, foreground and background, preemptive multitasking and multiprocessing.
4) Manage memory- optimises the use of RAM and virtual memory (a portion of storage medium functioning as additional RAM).
5) Coordinate tasks- determines the order in which tasks are processed.
6) Configure devices- by the means of driver (a small program that tells operating system how to communicate with a specific device) and plug and play (automatically configures new devices as user install them).
7) Establish an internet connection- provide a means to establish an internet connection.
8) Monitor performance- a program that assesses and reports information about various computer resources and devices.
9) Provide utilities- provide utilities such as file manager, search utility.
10) Automatic update- automatically provides update to the program.
11) Control a network- contain server operating system (organise and coordinate how multiple users access and share resources on a network).
12) Administer security- allows user to create multiple user account with or without password.
B) Utility programs- a type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance type tasks.
For example:
1) File manager- a utility that perform function related to file management.
2) Search utility- a program that locate a file on computer based on criteria that user specify.
3) Image viewer- allows user to display, copy and print graphics file.
4) Uninstaller- removes a program and its associated entries in the system file.
5) Disk cleanup- searches and removes unnecessary files such as downloaded program files, temporary internet files, deleted files and unused program files.
6) Disk defragmenter- reorganises the files and unused spaces on hard disk for better performance.
7) Backup utility- allow users to copy file to another storage medium.
8) Restore utility- returns backed up files to their original form.
9) Screen saver- show moving image or blank screen after a period of inactivity.
10) Firewall- detects and protects computer from unauthorised intrusions.
11) Antivirus- protects a computer against viruses such as worm (replicate itself and will take up hard disk space and internet bandwidth), virus (intend to damage a computer) and trojan horse (hides itself from antivirus detection and steal information).
12) Spyware remover- detects and deletes spyware (program placed on a computer without the user's knowledge that secretly collects information about the user)
13) Adware remover- detects and deletes adware (display an online advertisement in a banner or pop-up window).
14) Filters- programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed. For example, web filtering software, anti-spam programs, phishing filters and pop-up blockers.
15) File compression- shrink the size of a file in the format of zip. or rar.
16) Media player- view image, animation, listen to audio and watch video files on computer.
17) Disc burning software- write text, graphics, audio and video files on a recordable or rewritable optical disc.
18) Personal computer maintenance utility- identifies and fixes operating system problems, disk problems and improving a computer's performance.
Types of operating system:
A) Stand alone operating system- a complete operating system.
For example:
1) Windows 7
2) Mac OS X
3) UNIX
4) Linux
B) Server operating system- specifically designed to run on servers.
For example:
1) Windows server 2008
2) UNIX
3) Linux
4) Solaris
5) NetWare
C) Embedded operating system- specialised OS for use in computers built into larger systems.
For example:
1) Windows Embedded CE
2) Windows Phone 7
3) Palm OS
4) iPhone OS
5) BlackBerry
6) Google Android
7) Embedded Linux
8) Symbian OS
Continue from start and shut down a computer, we will talk about how a pc boot step by step.
1) Power supply send signal to the component in system unit.
2) Processor find the ROM chip that contain BIOS (Basic Input/ Output System).
3) The BIOS performs the POST (Power On Self Test) which checks components such as mouse, keyboard and adapter cards.
4) Results of POST are compared with data in a CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor). This is to ensure that the condition of the components are in good condition to prevent any failure of component. Because if certain components are not in good condition when POST, the computer will failed to boot into operating system to ensure safety.
5) The BIOS may look for system files on a USB flash drive or on an optical disc or may look directly on drive C (hard disk). Normally the system files are saved on hard disk.
6) The system files and kernel (a computer program that constitutes the central core of a computer's operating system, it act as an interface between application software and hardware of computer such as device, CPU and memory) of the operating system load into memory RAM from storage.
7) The operating system loads configuration information, may request user information, starts several background processes and display the desktop on the screen.
In a computer, we need a system software to control operations of computer. It is defined as a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs.
Types of system software:
A) Operating system (OS)- software that support a computer's basic functions and coordinate all activities among computer hardware resources.
For example:
1) Start and shut down a computer- process of it is called booting and contain two types which is cold boot (turn on a computer that has been powered off completely) and warm boot (using the operating system to restart a computer). Also include different shut down options such as sleep mode (saves any open documents and programs to RAM, turns of all unneeded functions and places the computer in low power state) and hibernate mode (saves any open documents and programs to hard disk before removing power from computer). How a pc boot can be refer below.
2) Provide a user interface- control how user enter data and instructions and how information is displayed on the screen. Such as graphical user interface (GUI) (allows interaction by menu and visual images) and command line interface (uses the keyboard to enter data and instructions shown in text only).
3) Manage programs- allow single user and multi user, single tasking and multitasking, foreground and background, preemptive multitasking and multiprocessing.
4) Manage memory- optimises the use of RAM and virtual memory (a portion of storage medium functioning as additional RAM).
5) Coordinate tasks- determines the order in which tasks are processed.
6) Configure devices- by the means of driver (a small program that tells operating system how to communicate with a specific device) and plug and play (automatically configures new devices as user install them).
7) Establish an internet connection- provide a means to establish an internet connection.
8) Monitor performance- a program that assesses and reports information about various computer resources and devices.
9) Provide utilities- provide utilities such as file manager, search utility.
10) Automatic update- automatically provides update to the program.
11) Control a network- contain server operating system (organise and coordinate how multiple users access and share resources on a network).
12) Administer security- allows user to create multiple user account with or without password.
B) Utility programs- a type of system software that allows a user to perform maintenance type tasks.
For example:
1) File manager- a utility that perform function related to file management.
2) Search utility- a program that locate a file on computer based on criteria that user specify.
3) Image viewer- allows user to display, copy and print graphics file.
4) Uninstaller- removes a program and its associated entries in the system file.
5) Disk cleanup- searches and removes unnecessary files such as downloaded program files, temporary internet files, deleted files and unused program files.
6) Disk defragmenter- reorganises the files and unused spaces on hard disk for better performance.
7) Backup utility- allow users to copy file to another storage medium.
8) Restore utility- returns backed up files to their original form.
9) Screen saver- show moving image or blank screen after a period of inactivity.
10) Firewall- detects and protects computer from unauthorised intrusions.
11) Antivirus- protects a computer against viruses such as worm (replicate itself and will take up hard disk space and internet bandwidth), virus (intend to damage a computer) and trojan horse (hides itself from antivirus detection and steal information).
12) Spyware remover- detects and deletes spyware (program placed on a computer without the user's knowledge that secretly collects information about the user)
13) Adware remover- detects and deletes adware (display an online advertisement in a banner or pop-up window).
14) Filters- programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed. For example, web filtering software, anti-spam programs, phishing filters and pop-up blockers.
15) File compression- shrink the size of a file in the format of zip. or rar.
16) Media player- view image, animation, listen to audio and watch video files on computer.
17) Disc burning software- write text, graphics, audio and video files on a recordable or rewritable optical disc.
18) Personal computer maintenance utility- identifies and fixes operating system problems, disk problems and improving a computer's performance.
Types of operating system:
A) Stand alone operating system- a complete operating system.
For example:
1) Windows 7
2) Mac OS X
3) UNIX
4) Linux
B) Server operating system- specifically designed to run on servers.
For example:
1) Windows server 2008
2) UNIX
3) Linux
4) Solaris
5) NetWare
C) Embedded operating system- specialised OS for use in computers built into larger systems.
For example:
1) Windows Embedded CE
2) Windows Phone 7
3) Palm OS
4) iPhone OS
5) BlackBerry
6) Google Android
7) Embedded Linux
8) Symbian OS
Continue from start and shut down a computer, we will talk about how a pc boot step by step.
1) Power supply send signal to the component in system unit.
2) Processor find the ROM chip that contain BIOS (Basic Input/ Output System).
3) The BIOS performs the POST (Power On Self Test) which checks components such as mouse, keyboard and adapter cards.
4) Results of POST are compared with data in a CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor). This is to ensure that the condition of the components are in good condition to prevent any failure of component. Because if certain components are not in good condition when POST, the computer will failed to boot into operating system to ensure safety.
5) The BIOS may look for system files on a USB flash drive or on an optical disc or may look directly on drive C (hard disk). Normally the system files are saved on hard disk.
6) The system files and kernel (a computer program that constitutes the central core of a computer's operating system, it act as an interface between application software and hardware of computer such as device, CPU and memory) of the operating system load into memory RAM from storage.
7) The operating system loads configuration information, may request user information, starts several background processes and display the desktop on the screen.
Thursday, September 8, 2016
Chapter 4
Chapter 4: System Unit Components
As mentioned in Chapter 1, we have introduced the system unit under components of computer. If you haven't read it yet, the definition of system unit is case that contains the electronic components of the computer used to process data. In this chapter, we will go deeper into the components that can be found in system unit and their function.
Let's start with desktop personal computer system unit, there are:
1) Drive bay(s)
2) Power supply
3) Sound card
4) Video card
5) Processor
6) Memory
And all of these components are integrated into a main circuit board which is called motherboard.
Functions of the components in system unit:
1) Drive bay(s)- a space inside a computer in which a floppy disk, hard disk or disk drive can be accommodated.
2) Expansion slot- a socket on motherboard to hold adapter card.
3) Adapter card- internal expansion card that allows computer to communicate with other peripherals.
4) Sound card- is an adapter card that enable computer to input, process and deliver sound.
5) Video card- is an adapter card that enable computer to input, process and deliver images. It is also called as graphic card.
6) Ports- is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit. Also known as jack. For example, keyboard port, mouse port and USB port.
7) Connector- joins a cable to a port.
8) Buses- a communication system that transfer data between components inside a computer, or between computers.
9) Power supply- convert the walls outlet to AC power into DC power. This is to ensure a steady current which will represent digital signal 1,0 and that most electronic components require DC power supply.
10) Memory- any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently.
11) Processor- interpret and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer. Also known as Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Let's go to how they work, we will start with Processor.
Processor contains a Control Unit (CU) and an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). Both of them work together. CU will direct and coordinate most of the operations in computer whereas ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations. The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions. And there is system clock which controls the timing of computer operations. A processor chip will generate heat could cause the chip to burn up that is why additional cooling is required such as heat sinks and liquid cooling technology.
Relationship between Input device, Output device, Storage device, Memory and Processor:
1) Input device send data to CPU and it will be stored in memory.
2) And processor will begin four basic operations which is called Machine Cycle.
3) First operation is Fetch, CU will fetch the data from memory.
4) Second operation is Decode, CU will decode, check what it means and what to do with the data. And later send to ALU.
5) Third operation is Execute, ALU will take action on the data sent by CU.
6) Fourth operation is Store, ALU will store the result in Memory or Registers.
7) And CU will direct the Memory to release the results to Output device or Storage device.
8) If there is any required program, instructions or data required from Storage device before machine cycle, Storage device will send the data to memory.
Types of Memory:
1) Volatile memory- store data temporarily as it will loses its contents when power is turned off. For example, Random Access Memory (RAM), this is the memory that works together with processor as it is faster than other types of memory. RAM will store the required data and instructions from storage device for each operations when they are in use to provide high speed access. It makes the computer works seamlessly. There are also memory cache which speeds the process of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data.
2) Non-Volatile memory- store data permanently and does not lose contents when power is turned off. For example, Read Only Memory (ROM), Flash memory and Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS).
As mentioned in Chapter 1, we have introduced the system unit under components of computer. If you haven't read it yet, the definition of system unit is case that contains the electronic components of the computer used to process data. In this chapter, we will go deeper into the components that can be found in system unit and their function.
Let's start with desktop personal computer system unit, there are:
1) Drive bay(s)
2) Power supply
3) Sound card
4) Video card
5) Processor
6) Memory
And all of these components are integrated into a main circuit board which is called motherboard.
Functions of the components in system unit:
1) Drive bay(s)- a space inside a computer in which a floppy disk, hard disk or disk drive can be accommodated.
2) Expansion slot- a socket on motherboard to hold adapter card.
3) Adapter card- internal expansion card that allows computer to communicate with other peripherals.
4) Sound card- is an adapter card that enable computer to input, process and deliver sound.
5) Video card- is an adapter card that enable computer to input, process and deliver images. It is also called as graphic card.
6) Ports- is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit. Also known as jack. For example, keyboard port, mouse port and USB port.
7) Connector- joins a cable to a port.
8) Buses- a communication system that transfer data between components inside a computer, or between computers.
9) Power supply- convert the walls outlet to AC power into DC power. This is to ensure a steady current which will represent digital signal 1,0 and that most electronic components require DC power supply.
10) Memory- any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently.
11) Processor- interpret and carries out basic instructions that operate a computer. Also known as Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Let's go to how they work, we will start with Processor.
Processor contains a Control Unit (CU) and an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). Both of them work together. CU will direct and coordinate most of the operations in computer whereas ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations. The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions. And there is system clock which controls the timing of computer operations. A processor chip will generate heat could cause the chip to burn up that is why additional cooling is required such as heat sinks and liquid cooling technology.
Relationship between Input device, Output device, Storage device, Memory and Processor:
1) Input device send data to CPU and it will be stored in memory.
2) And processor will begin four basic operations which is called Machine Cycle.
3) First operation is Fetch, CU will fetch the data from memory.
4) Second operation is Decode, CU will decode, check what it means and what to do with the data. And later send to ALU.
5) Third operation is Execute, ALU will take action on the data sent by CU.
6) Fourth operation is Store, ALU will store the result in Memory or Registers.
7) And CU will direct the Memory to release the results to Output device or Storage device.
8) If there is any required program, instructions or data required from Storage device before machine cycle, Storage device will send the data to memory.
Types of Memory:
1) Volatile memory- store data temporarily as it will loses its contents when power is turned off. For example, Random Access Memory (RAM), this is the memory that works together with processor as it is faster than other types of memory. RAM will store the required data and instructions from storage device for each operations when they are in use to provide high speed access. It makes the computer works seamlessly. There are also memory cache which speeds the process of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data.
2) Non-Volatile memory- store data permanently and does not lose contents when power is turned off. For example, Read Only Memory (ROM), Flash memory and Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS).
Chapter 3
Chapter 3: Software for Systems
Application software is a program installed on a computer to aid users in various ways. This realises the relationship between human and computer in working together because it made various tasks more efficient and effective. Simply said it is easier and more convenient. We can expand application software into 4 main sectors which are:
1) Business- to make business activities more efficient.
2) Graphics and Multimedia- To assist with graphic and multimedia project.
3) Home/Personal/Educational- To support home, personal and educational tasks.
4) Communications- To facilitate communications.
Forms of application software:
1) Packaged software- software that is produced in mass and mainly for sale to consumers. For example, Microsoft Office.
2) Custom software- software that is custom made for specific purpose upon a request. For example, an organisation may require a custom made accounting software.
3) Web application- application that can only be used on web browser. For example, Blogger.
4) Open source software- software that can be inspect, modify and enhance by any users with no restrictions. For example, Free Computer Aided Design (CAD).
5) Shareware- software that is available for free and may require fees after certain period. For example, AVG Antivirus.
6) Freeware- software that is free of charge or any fees. For example, Google Chrome.
7) Public-domain software- software that has no ownership such as copyright, trademark or patent. For example, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST).
Let's go back to the 4 main sectors of application software and see some of the software that is under each of them.
First is Business software:
1) Word processing software- software that allow users to input letters to create or edit documents. For example, Microsoft Office Word.
2) Spreadsheet software- software that allow users to organise data in rows and columns and perform calculations. For example, Microsoft Office Excel.
3) Database software- software that allow users to manage database. For example, Microsoft Access.
4) Presentation software- software that aids in presentation to group or public with utilisation of text, image, audio or video. For example, Microsoft Power Point.
5) Note taking software- software that allow users to create or edit note with features like sketches, drawings, comments, typed text or handwritten. For example, Microsoft One Note.
6) Personal Information Manager (PIM) software- a personal organiser software that can manage personal information such as calender or address book. For example, Essential PIM.
7) Project Management software- software that allow users to plan, schedule, track and analyse event, resources and costs of a project. For example, Microsoft Project.
8) Accounting software- software that manage accounting data and perform calculations. For example, BillQuick.
9) Document Management software- software that allow users to create, edit, share or search through documents. For example, M-Files DMS.
10) Enterprise software- software that aid enterprises in areas such as human resources, marketing or customer service. For example, customer relationship management, enterprise resource planning and transaction processing systems.
Second is Graphics and Multimedia software:
1) Computer aided design (CAD) software- software that allow users to create drawings, technical illustrations and 2D/3D models.
2) Desktop publishing software- software that allow users to create documents with features such as layouts and typographic quality text and images comparable to traditional typography and printing. Can be used for news, articles or reports. For example, Scribus.
3) Paint/Image editing software- software that allow users to create, edit, or make enhancement on images. For example, paint.net.
4) Photo editing software- software that allow users to edit and make enhancement on photos. For example, Adobe Photoshop.
5) Video and audio editing software- software that allow users to create, edit and make enhancement on video and audio. For example, Microsoft Movie Maker.
6) Multimedia authoring software- software that allow users to create electronic presentations and software demonstrations that can include text, graphics, video, audio, animation and screen captures. For example, Adobe Director.
7) Web page authoring software- software that allow users to create and edit web pages visually, meaning that no coding is required. For example, Microsoft Expression Web.
Third is Home/Personal/Educational software:
1) Personal finance software- software that allow users to manage personal financial data.
2) Legal software- software that help users to organise and deal with legal related matter.
3) Tax preparation software- software that help users to organise, create and record data for tax preparation.
4) Personal DTP software- software that allow users to create documents with features such as layouts and typographic quality text and images comparable to traditional typography and printing. Can be used for news, articles or reports.
5) Personal Paint/Image editing software- software that allow users to create, edit, or make enhancement on images.
6) Personal photo editing software- software that allow users to edit and make enhancement on photos.
7) Video and Audio editing software- software that allow users to create, edit and make enhancement on video and audio.
8) Home design/landscaping software- software that allow users to design or sketch ideas for home or landscape.
9) Travel and mapping software- software that help users in information and guide on travel and map data.
10) Educational software- software that has educational purpose.
11) Entertainment software- software that has entertainment purpose.
Fourth is Communication software:
1) E-mail- allow users to send letters, documents or files to others through internet.
2) Instant messaging- allow users to send messages to others in real time.
3) Chat room- a space where users can chat with each other.
4) Blogging- an application used for sharing articles.
5) File Transfer Protocol (FTP)- allow file transferring between client and server.
6) Voice over IP (VoIP)- allow users to send voice information through the internet.
In conclusion, application software is what makes the computer so efficient in helping in human tasks.
Application software is a program installed on a computer to aid users in various ways. This realises the relationship between human and computer in working together because it made various tasks more efficient and effective. Simply said it is easier and more convenient. We can expand application software into 4 main sectors which are:
1) Business- to make business activities more efficient.
2) Graphics and Multimedia- To assist with graphic and multimedia project.
3) Home/Personal/Educational- To support home, personal and educational tasks.
4) Communications- To facilitate communications.
Forms of application software:
1) Packaged software- software that is produced in mass and mainly for sale to consumers. For example, Microsoft Office.
2) Custom software- software that is custom made for specific purpose upon a request. For example, an organisation may require a custom made accounting software.
3) Web application- application that can only be used on web browser. For example, Blogger.
4) Open source software- software that can be inspect, modify and enhance by any users with no restrictions. For example, Free Computer Aided Design (CAD).
5) Shareware- software that is available for free and may require fees after certain period. For example, AVG Antivirus.
6) Freeware- software that is free of charge or any fees. For example, Google Chrome.
7) Public-domain software- software that has no ownership such as copyright, trademark or patent. For example, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST).
Let's go back to the 4 main sectors of application software and see some of the software that is under each of them.
First is Business software:
1) Word processing software- software that allow users to input letters to create or edit documents. For example, Microsoft Office Word.
2) Spreadsheet software- software that allow users to organise data in rows and columns and perform calculations. For example, Microsoft Office Excel.
3) Database software- software that allow users to manage database. For example, Microsoft Access.
4) Presentation software- software that aids in presentation to group or public with utilisation of text, image, audio or video. For example, Microsoft Power Point.
5) Note taking software- software that allow users to create or edit note with features like sketches, drawings, comments, typed text or handwritten. For example, Microsoft One Note.
6) Personal Information Manager (PIM) software- a personal organiser software that can manage personal information such as calender or address book. For example, Essential PIM.
7) Project Management software- software that allow users to plan, schedule, track and analyse event, resources and costs of a project. For example, Microsoft Project.
8) Accounting software- software that manage accounting data and perform calculations. For example, BillQuick.
9) Document Management software- software that allow users to create, edit, share or search through documents. For example, M-Files DMS.
10) Enterprise software- software that aid enterprises in areas such as human resources, marketing or customer service. For example, customer relationship management, enterprise resource planning and transaction processing systems.
Second is Graphics and Multimedia software:
1) Computer aided design (CAD) software- software that allow users to create drawings, technical illustrations and 2D/3D models.
2) Desktop publishing software- software that allow users to create documents with features such as layouts and typographic quality text and images comparable to traditional typography and printing. Can be used for news, articles or reports. For example, Scribus.
3) Paint/Image editing software- software that allow users to create, edit, or make enhancement on images. For example, paint.net.
4) Photo editing software- software that allow users to edit and make enhancement on photos. For example, Adobe Photoshop.
5) Video and audio editing software- software that allow users to create, edit and make enhancement on video and audio. For example, Microsoft Movie Maker.
6) Multimedia authoring software- software that allow users to create electronic presentations and software demonstrations that can include text, graphics, video, audio, animation and screen captures. For example, Adobe Director.
7) Web page authoring software- software that allow users to create and edit web pages visually, meaning that no coding is required. For example, Microsoft Expression Web.
Third is Home/Personal/Educational software:
1) Personal finance software- software that allow users to manage personal financial data.
2) Legal software- software that help users to organise and deal with legal related matter.
3) Tax preparation software- software that help users to organise, create and record data for tax preparation.
4) Personal DTP software- software that allow users to create documents with features such as layouts and typographic quality text and images comparable to traditional typography and printing. Can be used for news, articles or reports.
5) Personal Paint/Image editing software- software that allow users to create, edit, or make enhancement on images.
6) Personal photo editing software- software that allow users to edit and make enhancement on photos.
7) Video and Audio editing software- software that allow users to create, edit and make enhancement on video and audio.
8) Home design/landscaping software- software that allow users to design or sketch ideas for home or landscape.
9) Travel and mapping software- software that help users in information and guide on travel and map data.
10) Educational software- software that has educational purpose.
11) Entertainment software- software that has entertainment purpose.
Fourth is Communication software:
1) E-mail- allow users to send letters, documents or files to others through internet.
2) Instant messaging- allow users to send messages to others in real time.
3) Chat room- a space where users can chat with each other.
4) Blogging- an application used for sharing articles.
5) File Transfer Protocol (FTP)- allow file transferring between client and server.
6) Voice over IP (VoIP)- allow users to send voice information through the internet.
In conclusion, application software is what makes the computer so efficient in helping in human tasks.
Friday, September 2, 2016
Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of the World Wide Web and Internet
Internet originated as Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in September 1969. Two of the main goals are 1) Allow scientists at different location to share information, 2) Function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by disaster. Later at 1984, ARPANET has more than 1000 individual computers linked as hosts. In 1986, National Science Foundation (NSF) connects NSFnet to ARPANET and becomes Internet. In 1995, NSFnet terminate its network on the Internet and resumes status as research network. In 1996, Internet 2 is founded and more than 550 million hosts connnect to the Internet today.
Internet 2 connects more than 200 universities and 115 companies via a high speed private network. As well as many home and small businesses. Types of internet services are Cable internet service, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Fiber to the Premises (FTTP), Fixed Wireless, Cellular Radio Network, Wi-Fi and Satellite Internet service.
Access provider provide individuals and organisations access to the internet.
Internet Service Provider (ISP) include regional or national provide internet access to its specific region. Online Service Provider (OSP) provide online services such as email or discussion forum. Wireless Internet Service Provider provide wireless internet access to computer and mobile devices.
How cable modem connection works:
1) Users request data from internet.
2) The request is transferred from computer's digital signal via cable modem and television line.
3) It is then sent to central cable system.
4) Which then sent to operator or ISP via high speed fiber-optic line.
5) ISP route the request through internet backbone to destination server.
6) The requested results will be sent back to users.
IP address is a number that is unique for each computer or device connected to internet. For example, 72.14.207.99.
Domain name is the text version of IP address. For example, www.google.com.
Domain Name System (DNS) translate domain name to its IP address. For example, when we type www.google.com to enter the website, DNS will translate that domain name to its IP address which is 72.14.207.99 so that computer can read it and obtain the websites.
Top level domain is used to classify the websites based on their purposes. For example, "com" for commercial organisations, business and companies. And "edu" for educational institutions.
World wide web is a worldwide collection of electronic documents or Web pages.
Website is a collection of related web pages. For example, howlcomp.blogspot.com is a website, but http://howlcomp.blogspot.my/2016/09/chapter-1.html is webpages under it.
Web server is a computer that deliver requested web pages to your computer.
Web 2.0 refers to websites that provide a means for users to interact. For example, Facebook or Youtube which allow users to interact.
Web browser is a software that allow users to access web pages or web 2.0. For example, Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox.
Search engine is used to find informations related to the keywords that users input. For example, google search or yahoo search.
Subject directory is used to classify web pages in an organised set of categories. For example, user can search for information within the specific area.
There are many types of websites such as portal, news, blog, wiki, or entertainment.
Multimedia is a combination of graphics, animation, audio, video and virtual reality.
1) Graphic is pictures of arts or graph.
2) Animation is motion created by numerous graphic.
3) Audio is any sound.
4) Video is a record of moving visual images.
5) Virtual reality is computer generated simulation of a three dimensional space.
Plug-in is a software that can be added to web browser for better performance or more task that can be performed. For example, adblocker can be used to block annoying advertisement from popping up.
Internet services:
E-commerce is business transaction completed over electronic network. For example, online banking or online shopping.
E-mail is electronic mailing. Allow users to send messages or files to other users via internet.
Instant messaging (IM) is a real time internet communication service. For example, whatsapp, wechat or telegram.
Voice over IP (VoIP) allows users to speak among each other via internet. For example, skype.
Message board is web-based type of discussion group.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard protocol used to transfer computer files between a client and server on a computer network. It allow users to upload or download files.
Internet originated as Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) in September 1969. Two of the main goals are 1) Allow scientists at different location to share information, 2) Function even if part of the network were disabled or destroyed by disaster. Later at 1984, ARPANET has more than 1000 individual computers linked as hosts. In 1986, National Science Foundation (NSF) connects NSFnet to ARPANET and becomes Internet. In 1995, NSFnet terminate its network on the Internet and resumes status as research network. In 1996, Internet 2 is founded and more than 550 million hosts connnect to the Internet today.
Internet 2 connects more than 200 universities and 115 companies via a high speed private network. As well as many home and small businesses. Types of internet services are Cable internet service, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Fiber to the Premises (FTTP), Fixed Wireless, Cellular Radio Network, Wi-Fi and Satellite Internet service.
Access provider provide individuals and organisations access to the internet.
Internet Service Provider (ISP) include regional or national provide internet access to its specific region. Online Service Provider (OSP) provide online services such as email or discussion forum. Wireless Internet Service Provider provide wireless internet access to computer and mobile devices.
How cable modem connection works:
1) Users request data from internet.
2) The request is transferred from computer's digital signal via cable modem and television line.
3) It is then sent to central cable system.
4) Which then sent to operator or ISP via high speed fiber-optic line.
5) ISP route the request through internet backbone to destination server.
6) The requested results will be sent back to users.
IP address is a number that is unique for each computer or device connected to internet. For example, 72.14.207.99.
Domain name is the text version of IP address. For example, www.google.com.
Domain Name System (DNS) translate domain name to its IP address. For example, when we type www.google.com to enter the website, DNS will translate that domain name to its IP address which is 72.14.207.99 so that computer can read it and obtain the websites.
Top level domain is used to classify the websites based on their purposes. For example, "com" for commercial organisations, business and companies. And "edu" for educational institutions.
World wide web is a worldwide collection of electronic documents or Web pages.
Website is a collection of related web pages. For example, howlcomp.blogspot.com is a website, but http://howlcomp.blogspot.my/2016/09/chapter-1.html is webpages under it.
Web server is a computer that deliver requested web pages to your computer.
Web 2.0 refers to websites that provide a means for users to interact. For example, Facebook or Youtube which allow users to interact.
Web browser is a software that allow users to access web pages or web 2.0. For example, Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox.
Search engine is used to find informations related to the keywords that users input. For example, google search or yahoo search.
Subject directory is used to classify web pages in an organised set of categories. For example, user can search for information within the specific area.
There are many types of websites such as portal, news, blog, wiki, or entertainment.
Multimedia is a combination of graphics, animation, audio, video and virtual reality.
1) Graphic is pictures of arts or graph.
2) Animation is motion created by numerous graphic.
3) Audio is any sound.
4) Video is a record of moving visual images.
5) Virtual reality is computer generated simulation of a three dimensional space.
Plug-in is a software that can be added to web browser for better performance or more task that can be performed. For example, adblocker can be used to block annoying advertisement from popping up.
Internet services:
E-commerce is business transaction completed over electronic network. For example, online banking or online shopping.
E-mail is electronic mailing. Allow users to send messages or files to other users via internet.
Instant messaging (IM) is a real time internet communication service. For example, whatsapp, wechat or telegram.
Voice over IP (VoIP) allows users to speak among each other via internet. For example, skype.
Message board is web-based type of discussion group.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard protocol used to transfer computer files between a client and server on a computer network. It allow users to upload or download files.
Chapter 1
Chapter 1: Basic Introduction to Computers
Computers are everywhere and has become norm and almost a necessity for most of the people nowadays. So what are computer? Computer is defined as an electronic device which process information according to given instructions. For example, a computer can calculate the total amount (output) of an order (input) based on the software installed (instructions).
Components of computers are:
1) Input device- allow users to enter data and instructions into a computer. For example, mouse used to navigate and keyboard used to input letters.
2) Output device- hardware that conveys information. For example, monitor used to display and speaker used to produce sound.
3) System unit- Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data. For example, central processing unit (CPU) which is the core of a computer used to process the data or information.
4) Storage device- Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage media. For example, internal/external hard disk or USB flash drive used to store and read data.
5) Communication device- Enables a computer to communicate (send and receive data) with one or more computers or mobile devices. For example, modem used to transfer data between computers through telephone line.
Advantages of using computers are:
1) Speed. A computer can perform task faster than humans.
2) Reliability. A computer will not make mistakes.
3) Consistency. A computer will not get tired therefore always getting the same results.
4) Storage. A computer can store a lot of data without "forgetting" it.
5) Communications. A computer with aid of internet can communicate with other computer around the world.
Disadvantages of using computers are:
1) Health risks. Problems related to posture may occur and eyesight will be reduced.
2) Violation of privacy. Some personal data might be stolen by hackers.
3) Public safety. As more people uses computer, there are more data that might be stolen by hackers for unlawful purpose.
4) Impact of labour force. Some workers will be replaced by computers.
5) Impact on environment. Wastage will be created after computers life is over.
Green computing is to reduce the impact on environment. By reducing electricity consumed and waste generated.
Networks and Internet:
1) Network is a collection of computers and devices connected together via communication devices and transmission media. It allows the interaction between them.
2) Internet is a worldwide collection of networks. Internet can be used for communication, research and access information, shop or entertainment.
Computer software:
1) Software is installed on a computer to tell the computer what and how to perform a task.
2) Installing is process of setting up software so that users can use it.
3) Software is developed by programmers by writing instructions in computer languages such as java to tell the computer to perform task.
Categories of computers:
1) Personal computers. Such as desktop computer which is used for personal purposes.
2) Mobile computers and mobile devices. Mobile computers which is portable and used for personal purposes such as laptop, tablet or notebook computers. Mobile devices such as smart phones, PDAs, portable media player or digital camera.
3) Game consoles. Specifically designed for video gaming purposes. For example, Playstation, Xbox or Nintendo.
4) Server. Manages access to centralised resource or service in a network.
5) Mainframes. Is a large and high speed computers. Used primarily by large organizations.
6) Supercomputers. Is the fastest and most powerful computer.
7) Embedded computers. Is a computer that is part of larger products and only perform specific task that has been installed on it.
Elements of information system consists of hardware, software, data, people and procedures. It is the interaction between all of those elements.
Computer applications in society:
1) Education. Lecturers will use slideshow rather than hand writing.
2) Finance. Can be used for online banking or online investment.
3) Government. Used for performing task or interact with people using websites.
4) Health care. Used in many modern medical devices.
5) Science. Used to store data or doing research over the internet.
6) Publishing. Used to publish articles or book via internet.
7) Travel. Used for searching for information about a destination.
8) Manufacturing. Used to monitor or direct the devices used in manufacturing.
Computers are everywhere and has become norm and almost a necessity for most of the people nowadays. So what are computer? Computer is defined as an electronic device which process information according to given instructions. For example, a computer can calculate the total amount (output) of an order (input) based on the software installed (instructions).
Components of computers are:
1) Input device- allow users to enter data and instructions into a computer. For example, mouse used to navigate and keyboard used to input letters.
2) Output device- hardware that conveys information. For example, monitor used to display and speaker used to produce sound.
3) System unit- Case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data. For example, central processing unit (CPU) which is the core of a computer used to process the data or information.
4) Storage device- Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from storage media. For example, internal/external hard disk or USB flash drive used to store and read data.
5) Communication device- Enables a computer to communicate (send and receive data) with one or more computers or mobile devices. For example, modem used to transfer data between computers through telephone line.
Advantages of using computers are:
1) Speed. A computer can perform task faster than humans.
2) Reliability. A computer will not make mistakes.
3) Consistency. A computer will not get tired therefore always getting the same results.
4) Storage. A computer can store a lot of data without "forgetting" it.
5) Communications. A computer with aid of internet can communicate with other computer around the world.
Disadvantages of using computers are:
1) Health risks. Problems related to posture may occur and eyesight will be reduced.
2) Violation of privacy. Some personal data might be stolen by hackers.
3) Public safety. As more people uses computer, there are more data that might be stolen by hackers for unlawful purpose.
4) Impact of labour force. Some workers will be replaced by computers.
5) Impact on environment. Wastage will be created after computers life is over.
Green computing is to reduce the impact on environment. By reducing electricity consumed and waste generated.
Networks and Internet:
1) Network is a collection of computers and devices connected together via communication devices and transmission media. It allows the interaction between them.
2) Internet is a worldwide collection of networks. Internet can be used for communication, research and access information, shop or entertainment.
Computer software:
1) Software is installed on a computer to tell the computer what and how to perform a task.
2) Installing is process of setting up software so that users can use it.
3) Software is developed by programmers by writing instructions in computer languages such as java to tell the computer to perform task.
Categories of computers:
1) Personal computers. Such as desktop computer which is used for personal purposes.
2) Mobile computers and mobile devices. Mobile computers which is portable and used for personal purposes such as laptop, tablet or notebook computers. Mobile devices such as smart phones, PDAs, portable media player or digital camera.
3) Game consoles. Specifically designed for video gaming purposes. For example, Playstation, Xbox or Nintendo.
4) Server. Manages access to centralised resource or service in a network.
5) Mainframes. Is a large and high speed computers. Used primarily by large organizations.
6) Supercomputers. Is the fastest and most powerful computer.
7) Embedded computers. Is a computer that is part of larger products and only perform specific task that has been installed on it.
Elements of information system consists of hardware, software, data, people and procedures. It is the interaction between all of those elements.
Computer applications in society:
1) Education. Lecturers will use slideshow rather than hand writing.
2) Finance. Can be used for online banking or online investment.
3) Government. Used for performing task or interact with people using websites.
4) Health care. Used in many modern medical devices.
5) Science. Used to store data or doing research over the internet.
6) Publishing. Used to publish articles or book via internet.
7) Travel. Used for searching for information about a destination.
8) Manufacturing. Used to monitor or direct the devices used in manufacturing.
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